Chevrolet Opala SS

The Chevrolet Opala was a Brazilian mid-size car sold under the Chevrolet brand in South America

from 1969 to 1992, by General Motors do Brasil. It was derived from the German Opel Rekord Series C, Opel Commodore Series A, but used USA-sourced engines and a local design styling. Two four-cylinder engines: the Chevrolet 153ci 4-cylinder from Chevy II/Nova, which later got a new crankshaft stroke and cylinder bore, changing its size to 151ci (usually mistaken for the Pontiac Iron Duke engine), and the six-cylinder 250 from the contemporary line of North American car/light truck production. GM manufactured about one million units including the Opala sedan, Opala Coupé, and the station wagon variant, the Opala Caravan. It was replaced by the Chevrolet Omega in 1992, also an Opel spinoff. It was the first passenger car built by GM in Brazil by the General Motors do Brasil division. A luxury version of the Opala was marketed as the Chevrolet Diplomata.

Early history
Founded in January 1925, General Motors do Brasil originally only assembled, and later, manufactured, light trucks and utilities until the mid-1960s, when they decided to produce their first Brazilian-made passenger car.

The options varied between the traditional, large, more expensive American-style cars that GM was already selling in the United States line, such as the Impala, and the lighter and more economical models from German GM-subsidiary Opel (such as the Kadett, Olympia, Rekordand Commodore) which were already imported to Brazil in small quantities. After wavering between the small Kadett and the somewhat larger Rekord/Commodore line, GMB opted for the latter, but later introduced the Kadett as well.

On November 23, 1966, in a Press Conference at the Club Atlético Paulistano in São Paulo, GM publicly announced the existence of "Project 676", which would become the Chevrolet Opala.

Name controversy
The name Opala may come from the opal, which is a precious stone, colourless when extracted from the soil, but which acquires multiple tones when exposed to light. Some commented that the name was a portmanteau of the brand name "Opel", and the Chevy Impala, as the model was derived from the German Opel Rekord, and one of its engines (the 230 in³, and later, 250 in³ Chevrolet straight-six) was also used in the North American Chevrolet Impala. GM claims that this was not their intention, as the name Opala - one of six finalists from thousands of suggestions - was chosen by a journalist. Its rapid acceptance with the general public led to the approval of the choice.

The debut
At the opening of the sixth São Paulo Auto Show, on November 23, 1968, the Opala appeared on a rotating stage on a 16,140 square feet (1,499 m2) stand. Around the novelty there were several spectacles, including an appearance by Stirling Moss. Several Opala models were shown every half-hour.

1975-79 Chevrolet Opala coupé

The first model was the four-door sedan in the trims "Especial" (Special) and "Luxo" (Deluxe). Its attractive lines used curvy lines from the windscreen to rear fender, a styling practice that was referred to as "Coke Bottle styling", already in use at the time on the sporty 1967 Chevrolet Camaro, Pontiac Firebird and the 1968 Chevrolet Corvette, among numerous others, but hints of the upcoming style were already clear on the more "family"-oriented 1965 Chevrolet Impala fastback coupé. A hardtop coupe was also offered with a silhouette resembling the first-generation Camaro/Firebird. The round headlamps (not squared, as in the Opel Rekord and Commodore), egg-crate grille, styling cues borrowed from the 1968 Chevy II Nova, and lamps fitted below the front bumper separated the Opala from its European Opel siblings. In the back, a chrome strip with "Chevrolet" in black was included with the more expensive trim. Small rectangular taillights (similar to those on America's 1967 Chevelle) were mounted on the tip of the rear overhang, and small reverse lights were mounted in the rear bumper, just below the fuel tank cap. An "Opala" badge (spelled in a similar font to the American Chevrolet Impala badge) was fitted on the rear fenders, and the engine badges signifying the displacement of the engine in cubic centimeters (2500 or 3800, later 4100 as well) was placed next to the front doors. Chrome hubcaps complemented the whitewall tires.

Both versions came standard with front bench seats (bucket seats weren't available early in production, but were later introduced) and column-mounted shifter lever. Reverse lights, fuel tank lock, and rear valance chrome strip were available only on the "Luxo" trim level.In 2016 Rogério Ferraresi, in the city of São Paulo, created a pedal car of the Chevrolet Opala. It was the first time that this type of toy based on Opala was produced. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Opala_Pedal_Car_(1).jpghttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Opala_Pedal_Car_(2).jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Opala_Pedal_Car_(3).jpg

Development
1990 Chevrolet Diplomata 4.1 SE

In the fall of 1970, a more luxurious version was added called Comodoro, reflecting Europe's Opel Commodore. The Comodoro-4 received a somewhat more powerful version of the 2.5 liter four cylinder engine in some model years, with 88 PS (65 kW) rather than 80 PS (59 kW). The same engine was used in the Opala SS-4.[1] Even more luxurious was the Diplomata, which was released in November 1979.[1]

Under the hood, which hinged forwards, in the European style, the Opala originally offered only two engine choices: a 153 cu in (2,507 cc) straight-four and a 230 cu in (3,764 cc) straight-six. These engine were of traditional design for the era, with cast iron cylinder block and head, and overhead valves, actuated by pushrods and a camshaft mounted in the block, and pressed-steel rocker arms, whose spherical fulcrum was GM's proprietary design. Fuel was fed from either single or double-barrel carburetors. In 1973 the four cylinder was replaced by Pontiac's 151 cu in (2,474 cc) "Iron Duke" engine, of generally similar configuration The 3.8 had already been replaced by the bigger 4.1 (4,093 cc or 250 cu in) in 1971.

The engines used in the Opala had been already used for years in the USA: the 153ci had emerged in the 1962 Chevrolet Nova, becoming the first inline four in a Chevrolet since 1928, and the 230ci appeared in the 1963 Impala. The 151 cu in Pontiac Iron Duke was also found in AMC's Jeeps and Eagles, and was known for its versatility and toughness. Known for its reliability, the 153ci was an industry benchmark until the 1980s. The straight-six later served as a stationary engine, a school bus engine, and even found its way into forklifts.

The 6-cylinder engine crankshaft had seven main bearings (five in four-cylinders) and the generous (if not redundant) size of its inner moving parts attributed to its durability and exceptional smoothness. The hydraulic valve lifters made for easy maintenance.

The straight-six's biggest limitation through the years was poor distribution of air-fuel mixture to the cylinders due to a sub-optimal intake manifold design. Cylinders one and six (on the ends of the engine), received the lowest ratio, with a higher percentage of air in the mixture, while the central ones tended to get a richer mixture, unbalancing the engine's stoichiometric efficiency. Basically, in order to ensure the outer cylinders received a high enough air/fuel ratio to avoid detonation, the carburetor had to be set to run overly rich, which wasted fuel) . This design flaw could easily be solved by installing a race intake manifold that sported two or three two-barrel carburetors, as in stock car racing. Only in 1994, with thearrival of multipoint injection in the Omega, was the engine's problem finally solved.

The performance of Opala 3.8L was actually quite pleasing; with a top speed of 112.5 mph (181.1 km/h) and acceleration from 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in about 11 seconds, it was the fastest Brazilian car of its time, losing the title the following year to the Dodge Dart whose 318ciV8 had more power and torque. The two 2.5L fours did not offer as much vigor, but had enough torque enough for everyday use. The main complaint with the four-cylinder engines was their roughness - so rough that GM employees of the time called the engine "little Toyota", in allusion to the diesel engine installed in the locally built Toyota Bandeirante.

Both the Especial and Luxo had a manual gearbox, rear wheel drive, front independent suspension and rear live axle, both with coil springs. In front, the suspension components were anchored to one side, set in the unibody with screws, later known as the subframe. The tires were the first tubeless tires used on a car manufactured in Brazil. It had a diaphragmatic (or "Chinese hat") clutch spring, which was becoming popular throughout the world. The sporty Opala SS, originally only available with the "250" engine, was the first version to receive a four-speed manual gearbox. This was coupled with a tachometer and lots of matte black striping. Engines:

Opala 250-S racing engine
 * 151 4-cylinder (2.5 L) - 98 hp (73 kW) Gross - (1974–1976)
 * 151 4-cylinder (2.5 L) Ethanol - 98 hp (73 kW) Gross - (1980–1992)
 * 151-S 4-cylinder (2.5 L) - 80 PS (59 kW) Gross - (1974–1992)
 * 153 4-cylinder (2.5 L) - 80 PS (59 kW) Gross - (1968–1973)
 * 230 6-cylinder (3.8 L) - 125 hp (93 kW) Gross - (1968–1971)
 * 250 6-cylinder (4.1 L) - 140 hp (104 kW) Gross - (1971–1975)
 * 250/S 6-cylinder (4.1 L) - 116 PS (85 kW) Net, 114 hp (85 kW) Gross - (1975–1988)
 * 4.1/S 6-cylinder Ethanol (4.1 L) - 133 hp (99 kW) Net - (1984–1990)
 * 4.1/S 6-cylinder Ethanol (4.1 L) - 140 hp (100 kW) Net - (1991–1992)
 * 4.1/S 6-cylinder (4.1 L) - 120 hp (89 kW) Net - (1991–1992)
 * 250-S 6-cylinder (4.1 L) - 169 hp (126 kW) Gross - (1976–1988)

The 250-S Engine
When endurance races resumed in Brazil in 1973, the Opala found a great competitor, the Ford Maverick, which was powered by an engine with a displacement almost a full liter larger. It took Bob Sharp and Jan Balder, who placed second in the "24 Hours of Interlagos" in August of that year with an Opala, to convince GM do Brasil to field a more powerful engine.

By coincidence, engine development manager Roberto B. Beccardi was already working on an engine hop-up project on his own, but GMB wasn't interested in it until Sharp and Balder's loss.

Thus, in July 1974, GMB introduced the 250-S engine as an option for the Opala 4100. It was slightly different from the version that would be launched two years later: it didn't have a vibration dampener and the cooling fan came from the standard 2500, with four blades instead of six.

The Opala was now much faster than the Maverick GT, and Ford did not waste time. It quickly homologated a version of the Maverick with a four-barrel carburetor. On the racetrack, the determining factor for victory was the driver's skill and the pit crew's organization. The rivals walked side by side.

Transmissions

 * 3-speed Manual (steering column shifter)
 * 4-speed Manual (floor-mounted shifter)
 * 5-speed Manual (floor-mounted shifter)
 * 3-speed Automatic GM 3L30 (steering column or floor-mounted shifter)
 * 4-speed Automatic ZF 4HP22 (floor-mounted shifter)